Shakira, Salma Hayek, Vince Vaughn, Amal Clooney, Gibran Khalil Gibran and last but not least, Mia Khalifa (yes, the one and only Mia Khalifa) are all people who you have heard of, but probably didn’t know share one important commonality: they are all of Lebanese descent. Their parents emigrated from this tiny country in the Middle East, which was once called ‘the Switzerland of the East’ to other countries, in the hope of bigger and better opportunities. So what is the matter with Lebanon?The land of the Phoenicians who invented the alphabet, a small Mediterranean country with Beirut as its capital, the Republic of Lebanon represents the only state in the Middle East with significant religious diversity. Whereas this diversity enriched Lebanese culture, it also caused a major fight for power.

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Before the 70s, the Christian Maronites were in charge. At that time, Lebanon was called the “Switzerland of the East” and its capital city of Beirut was the “Paris of the East”. In fact, so much development occurred in all industrial sectors that Lebanon was viewed as one of the most advanced countries in the Middle East.

Lebanon was so rich that it was lending money to India.Unfortunately, the avidity of its Syrian and Palestinian neighbors made Lebanon a target for taking over. Thus, civil war erupted in the mid-70s, causing a division in the country. The majority of the Muslims of Lebanon (pan-Arab) sided with the Palestinian and Syrian invaders against the state of Lebanon that was predominantly backed by the Lebanese Christians. As a result, the state was weakened, Christians were forced to bear arms to defend themselves, and the state of Lebanon went reeling into chaos.The civil war ended in the 90s when the US made a deal with the Saudis and the Syrians to gain control over Lebanon. The Christian population was severely weakened and its power diminished. Consequently, many Lebanese decided to leave the country and immigrate to western countries where they integrated very well, becoming some of the most successful immigrants in the world.

Today, Lebanon is the most indebted country in the Middle East, and with the control of Hezbollah over its political system, freedom of speech is limited, the economy is suffering, and the dream of many Lebanese Christian youths is to leave the country because it no longer represents freedom, one of the fundamental foundations of Christianity. Many western leaders believe that Christians no longer belong in this land, clearly exemplified in 2011 when former French President Nicolas Sarkozy told the Lebanese Maronite Patriarch:“Given that there are 1.3 million Christians in Lebanon, why don’t Christians move to Europe, since Europe has absorbed 2 million Christian immigrants from Iraq?”The fight over power still exists, with the Christians trying to recuperate some of their lost political influence. However, with the increasing number of Muslims, and the slow birth rate in the Christian population, Christians are in a weak negotiating position. So why did multiculturalism become a curse? What are the solutions that can protect it?When visiting Lebanon these days, you will notice that there are two distinct regions, one is Muslim Arab and the other is Christian, with high-quality westernized universities, hospitals, nightlife, etc.Hence, two separate cultures exist within a single country, demonstrating that the idea of “multiculturalism” and “living together” is an absurd concept. Contrarily, the idea of ‘coexistence’ is possible. One extreme solution which would be to divide the country into two regions, following the Cypriot concept of having two countries on a single island.

Another solution would be to apply extreme secularism, as Ataturk did when he transformed Turkey from an Islamic state into a developed non-religious westernized one. The latter solution proposed by Nicolar Sarkozy (as well by Henry Kissinger during the civil war) would mean the removal of all Christians out of Lebanon, transplanting them into developed countries in Europe and North America. Perhaps, the most reasonable solution would be federalism, as is the case of Switzerland. In this case, the country would be kept together but each religious group would maintain its fundamental rights, in addition to an adequate share of power and representation.

In this way, each religious group would be able to better serve the needs of its own people and the corresponding region.Hence, it is clear that multiculturalism is fiction in Lebanon. Regardless of which solution is adopted, it should be based on mutual agreement and respect, acknowledging differences while attempting to reach a win-win for all Lebanese. Thankfully, the Lebanese people have learned important lessons from their recent history. They are no longer intent on wars that lead to nowhere, that result in death and casualties. They understand that only dialogue can lead to long-standing peace. Artificial intelligence is a prime point of discussion for businesses across the world. How will increased implementation affect the job market?

Will workers have to continually learn new skills to move into new positions or avoid having their current assignments absorbed by robots?Less emphasized is how AI technology can be used to modify or influence human behavior. In other words, how can AI impact emotional intelligence — or EQ?Diana Wu David, author of 'Future Proof: Reinventing Work in the Age of Acceleration,'.

I’m a talker: I’ll have a conversation with anybody. But as a professional French-English interpreter working in the criminal justice system, I can be a different person’s voice every day. I’ve translated for murderers and suspected terrorists.I remember my first job in a crown court. I was 27, in the dock with a drug smuggler who had been paid to carry cocaine in her suitcase from South America. She was about my age, with a child. I could feel my heart pounding before I opened my mouth.

She was found guilty and sent to prison. Every case I’m involved in hangs on the accuracy of what I say; when someone’s life or freedom is on the line, I feel additional pressure.I translate verbatim and in the first person. To add or omit anything would distort the dialogue.

I have to find the right words and register, but I’m also required to mirror emotion and intonation. Silences are important, too; they are all part of how we converse. The way words are delivered changes a whole message.

You feel a bit like an actor at times. I once spoke for a doctor accused of manslaughter who was so desperate to prove his innocence. For that day, I felt that I became him. The conversations I am part of are confidential and often traumatic. I have repeated explicit sexual assault details, spoken for a teenage girl who had been trafficked into prostitution, and translated for a torture victim – but I can’t discuss any of it with a friend on the way home. I have to deal with them in my head, which can be hard.Everyone has their limits.

I find the health stuff hardest, particularly where children are involved as, at 36, I’m a mother myself. I had to tell one lady that she had cancer. It was the only time I’ve cried in a job.But these conversations are a privilege, too. I have acted as a birthing partner for women who are otherwise alone. One lady, an asylum seeker, asked me for baby names during labour. I had watched Peter Pan that weekend; she called her daughter Wendy.Often I’m part of life-changing dialogues that are left on a cliffhanger. I interpreted for a foreign student arrested after a crash in which someone died.

He was petrified. I don’t know if he was prosecuted, but I’ve thought of him often since.My job has opened my eyes. When you’ve spoken, first person, for an asylum seeker who was left to rot without food or daylight because they were gay or didn’t support their government, it makes me furious to hear people say they shouldn’t be here.I recently spoke for a scared teenage girl in a Home Office interview. It took everything not to put my hand on hers. Her solicitor pointed out each member of the team there to support her.

“Lauren is your mouthpiece,” she said.I’m not the doctor, the police officer or the judge in these rooms; I’m just somebody who did a French degree and loves languages. I feel honoured to be part of those dialogues. These conversations couldn’t take place without me. As told to Deborah Linton. DELPHI – Constantinos Daskalakis spoke about the imaginary and real world of Artificial Intelligence, but also the challenges that we will face. The event was attended by President of the Republic Prokopios Pavlopoulos.The event was organized by the Association of Friends of the European Cultural Center in Delphi, while the prominent Greek mathematician at MIT, or “the man who solved the John Nash puzzle,” deciphered the future by answering 25 out of 1,204 questions asked by 112 schools and 12 university faculties.What progress has Artificial Intelligence made? Will Artificial Intelligence be able to obtain conscience of its existence? Will a computer be able to write Shakespeare?

These were some of the questions that teachers and students asked Daskalakis.“Yes, we want computers to be conscious so they can use ethical code in decision making,” he said in response to a question. And “no, a computer cannot write Shakespeare, even though it can learn very good English and imitate the style of writing.” But as it has been proved in an experiment, the result does not make sense, he added.Daskalakis was particularly concerned with the ethical and legal issues raised by the introduction of algorithms into our lives, “designed by a human being and executed by a machine,” he said.“Artificial Intelligence is a combination of many examples, simple assumptions, probabilities, statistics and specialized knowledge,” he noted. “It is already present in the American judicial system, and it is beginning to play an extremely important role in medicine,” he added.At a technical level, he explained, the biggest challenge is credibility. On a philosophical level, it is ethics, he added. It can be particularly hard to pronounce and spell words in languages that are written in a script you're not familiar with. To help you in these cases, Translate offers transliteration, which gives an equivalent spelling in the alphabet you're used to. For example, when you translate “hello” to Hindi, you will see “नमस्ते” and “namaste” in the translation card where “namaste” is the transliteration of “नमस्ते.” This is a great tool for learning how to communicate in a different language, and Translate has offline transliteration support for 10 new languages: Arabic, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

To try our improved offline translation and transliteration, go to your Translate app on Android or iOS. If you do not have the app, you can Make sure you have the latest updates from the Play or App store. If you’ve used offline translation before, you’ll see a banner on your home screen that will take you to the right place to update your offline files. If not, go to your offline translation settings and tap the arrow next to the language name to download that language. Now you’ll be ready to translate text whether you’re online or not. I read it because I’m paid to, as a sort of last line of defense (sometimes faulty) before the publication reaches your hands or pixelates to your screen.

I’m one of two proofreaders, along with long-time colleague Charlie Zusman, whose names you will not find on our masthead, who labor mightily on alternating Tuesdays and Wednesdays trying to eliminate or at least minimize typos, punctuation errors, style inconsistencies, factual faux pas, and other barriers between you and the stories. (I also dabble unofficially in headlines and captions.)Notice the sentence preceding the parenthesis. I didn’t delete the comma before the last “and” in the series. One of the Standard’s style variations, or idiosyncratic preferences, is to use what’s called the Oxford comma, largely going against the punctuation grain. There are others, too, and speaking about parenthesis (not brackets, a whole different genre), we prefer deploying them around the first three digits of telephone numbers and to set off the districts and party affiliations of officials, as in Representative (not Rep.) Josh Gottheimer (D-N.J.

And we also spell out titles in full before a name, such as senator, governor, assemblywoman, congressman, and so on. EDITOR’S NOTE: Mr. Lazarus wrote “etc.” Against the rule! I fixed it!Does this make us distinctive or slightly disconcerting? We hope the former, but there are still many more examples of style modifications I could cite, all of which are undertaken and implemented to make the Standard as consistent and reassuring a read as possible. Recently, editor Joanne Palmer, our style decisor, decided to eliminate “N.Y.” after cities in Rockland County. (I prefer the dateline with periods to just plain NY.) It was felt our readers were geographically sophisticated enough to know what’s where, and the move would also lend a more regional sensibility to the publication’s NORTH JERSEY/ROCKLAND designation on the cover.Every Friday, like clockwork and since 1931, the Standard has published an eclectic mix of articles featuring religious and secular subjects, both weighty or whimsical, fashionable or frum.

Our readers range from chasidic to non-observant, from varying streams of Judaism, spanning the gulf from charedi (sometimes) to secular. The audience is animated, opinionated, engaged, and passionately concerned with all matters affecting Judaism in the diaspora and the State of Israel.Standard editors take great care in developing, writing, and selecting stories for the weekly presentation.

We know that nothing can be more annoying than a typo, poor grammar, syntactical inversions, punctuation sloppiness, articles that jump (continue) to the wrong page, dropped lines, miscasting a blond as a blonde, or posting a recipe with the incorrect amount of horseradish. We even check the crossword puzzle to see if clues and grid match, and subject Banji Ganchrow’s column to a chuckles test.

(It always passes.)These responsibilities weigh heavily on me every other Tuesday at 11 a.m., when I begin my proofreading shift (or trick, as we used to say in the business). The tools of the trade adorn the desk in an office I share with associate editor Larry Yudelson. They include the latest edition of the Associated Press Stylebook, a door-stopper at 611 pages and broken down into chapters on religion, fashion, sports, and media law, among other categories. Resting beside it is the Standard’s own “bible” of transliteration guidelines and master words for Hebrew, Jewish, and Yiddish orthography.

It has five listings alone for “chag,” five for Kiddush, eight for Shabbat, two for the Warsaw Ghetto, plus entries for parshiot and tractates.Webster’s New World College Dictionary Tenth Edition (I’m still old school enough to value its coffee- and water-stained pages) sits next to the computer where I google answers to the questions that always seem to crop up during a news cycle. I use a red ball-point pen (goodbye forever Eagle #2 grease model with string peeler from my Star-Ledger days) because paginators Deborah Herman and Bob O’Brien and production chief Jerry Szubin prefer this hue over blue or black, not that I think it makes deciphering my scrawls and symbols any easier. And yes, paper clips, lots of them, are traded between proofreaders and paginators as the day moves on. We also make sure all paper is properly recycled.But enough of housekeeping details!

The Star-Ledger’s night editing crew in the mid 1980s. Jon is front right, in the striped shirt, and Charlie is in the back right; his shirt has checks.Usually, the first proofs I receive are Calendar listings and Briefly Local items assembled by community editor Beth Janoff Chananie. Readers have come to rely on our roundup of services and activities at shuls, federations, and organizations throughout Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, and Hudson counties. The Calendar appears in agate type, smaller by a few points than text, and proofing it requires extra focus. Briefly Local stories typically run with pictures of the principals involved and accurate photo IDs are crucial. I always marvel at how much Jewish communal activity there is to report. And I also know as I take these proofs to the small display room and mount them on wall racks that later stories or new ads will send updated versions of these pages my way again.Putting out a paper, whether a daily or a weekly, in broadsheet or tabloid format, is always more than a one-off.

The process is fluid and open to constant revision, a path that never is linear but ultimately leads to completion through its circularity. Although the computer has replaced the clatter of typewriters and the Standard’s fresh houseplants thrive in an atmosphere once wreathed in cigarette smoke, a newsroom is still a newsroom, and the Standard’s generates a heartbeat that is its own.I glance at the clock and it’s nearly 2 in the afternoon. Nate Bloom’s dishy Nosh column has arrived for Page 4. I quickly become immersed in the exploits and yichus of Tribe members in the sports and entertainment worlds and need to remind myself to read for typos, not tidbits. The quote that appears each week in the upper right corner of the page won’t be chosen until the next day as closing time nears. Joanne and Larry take particular care in selecting what they consider the newsiest, funniest, or most sardonic or ironic statement as it relates to Jewish happenings of the week.By now, ads and space allocation have been negotiated between publisher Jamie Janoff, Joanne, advertising director Natalie Jay, and ad coordinator Jane Carr (just the first round really).

The pace quickens for me as proofs of display stories begin landing for the front of the book. Lois Goldrich, Abigail Klein Leichman, Larry, and Joanne are regular contributors and I must be sensitive to each writer’s voice, not just dogged in the pursuit of errors. Their copy is clean, absorbing, and flows easily.

And the addition of the First Person feature has brought new narrative elements to the mix, allowing someone like me to contribute an article like this.But the centerpiece remains the cover story, usually written by Joanne to serve as the week’s in-depth look at an organization, trend, personality, or social issue. Examples of tikkun olam, chesed, and tzedakah abound in these reports. I know the workday is drawing to a close when the cover story arrives for the initial read. It will return for a second check tomorrow, this time with captions included, and then the proofs will be hung on the wall.

Jaimie, Joanne, Jerry, Larry, and account executives Brenda Sutcliffe and Robin Frizzell and I will circle the tiny room at different times (or in lockstep), looking for errors large and small.It’s now nearly 6 p.m. And the wide-open editorial and opinion pages are ready for proofing, but my eyes and focus aren’t. I still must contend with rush-hour traffic on Route 4 and the parkway to reach home in West Orange, eat dinner, relax a bit, and get some sleep. Better to read them when I’m fresh in the morning.

And yes, when I arrive bright and early the next day, there they are, augmented by Jewish World articles, obituaries, Banji’s column, arts or cultural critiques, and health, business, and real estate copy. Deborah and Bob sure stayed busy composing additional pages after I left.Fueled by several coffees, I plunge into the opinion section.

Once again, I must exercise extreme objectivity when reading columnists. The Standard prides itself on offering a spectrum of viewpoints, and I don’t have the luxury or license to say “Really, Shmuley Boteach” or “Spot on, Shammai Englemayer” — except to myself.

(Notice those nifty brackets mentioned earlier are back.) This particular morning, however, I linger over Joseph Kaplan’s “On My Mind” piece and take the liberty of extending the headline, since it came up short. I execute both a play on words and an aesthetic upgrade in seconds.Over the next few hours, a sustained burst of energy from all clears away the backlog. Only Larry’s Page 3 vignettes remain. It’s noon when they arrive and the wait proves worth it. Funny, offbeat, and irreverent, they seem to put a point on the week’s package. Bob and Deborah are now simultaneously composing ads, making corrections, and exporting pages to the printer. Visions of a deserted Route 4 begin dancing in my head.

As always, I feel pretty good about what the staff has accomplished and my own role in the effort. As I leave our River Edge offices, I savor my small triumph of the week, catching the misidentification of New England Patriots receiver Julian Edelman as a quarterback.

(That position belongs to Tom Brady, although Edelman did play it at Kent State.)But there’s always counterpoise. Just as quickly, I remember that I let a wrong folio line and a few typos slip. And that just a few weeks ago I miscorrected the new spelling of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, back to the old Kiev. Obviously, I didn’t get the memo on that one. Even though Charlie and I have amassed 80 years of newspaper editing experience between us, stuff still gets through. I mentally replay the cautionaries of my English teachers and early editors as I make my way down Route 4 and quickly come to terms with the fact that it’s never going to be a blemish-free process, but to keep striving for it.And now, dear reader, the paper is literally in your hands.Jonathan E.

Lazarus, a retired editor at the Star-Ledger, does read for pleasure. Right now, he’s devouring an Elmore Leonard collection of short stories. Michael struggles to find the search results he’s looking for, and would like some tips for better GooglingJack SchofieldThu 19 Dec 2019 08.00 GMT Last modified on Thu 19 Dec 2019 08.02 GMTWant to search like a pro? These tips will help you up you Googling game using the advanced tools to narrow down your results. Photograph: Alastair Pike/AFP via Getty ImagesLast week’s column mentioned search skills. I’m sometimes on the third page of results before I get to what I was really looking for.

I’m sure a few simple tips would find these results on page 1. All advice welcome. MichaelGoogle achieved its amazing popularity by de-skilling search. Suddenly, people who were not very good at searching – which is almost everyone – could get good results without entering long, complex searches. Partly this was because Google knew which pages were most important, based on its PageRank algorithm, and it knew which pages were most effective, because users quickly bounced back from websites that didn’t deliver what they wanted.Later, Google added personalisation based on factors such as your location, your previous searches, your visits to other websites, and other things it knew about you. This created a backlash from people with privacy concerns, because your searches into physical and mental health issues, legal and social problems, relationships and so on can reveal more about you than you want anyone else – or even a machine – to know.When talking about avoiding “the creepy line”, former Google boss Eric Schmidt said: “We don’t need you to type at all. We know where you are. We know where you’ve been.

We can more or less know what you’re thinking about.”Google hasn’t got to that point, yet, but it does want to save you from typing. Today, Google does this through a combination of auto-complete search suggestions, Answer Boxes, and “People also ask” boxes, which show related questions along with their “feature snippets”. As a result, Google is much less likely to achieve its stated aim of sending you to another website. According to Jumpshot research, about half of browser-based searches no longer result in a click, and about 6% go to Google-owned properties such as YouTube and Maps.You could get upset about Google scraping websites such as Wikipedia for information and then keeping their traffic, but this is the way the world is going.

Typing queries into a browser is becoming redundant as more people use voice recognition on smartphones or ask the virtual assistant on their smart speakers. Voice queries need direct answers, not pages of links.So, I can give you some search tips, but they may not be as useful as they were when I wrote about them in January 2004 – or perhaps not for as long.Advanced Search for everyoneFacebookTwitterPinterestGoogle’s advanced search page is the tool to properly drill down into the results. Photograph: Samuel Gibbs/The GuardianAdvertisementThe easiest way to create advanced search queries in Google is to use the form on the Advanced Search page, though I suspect very few people do. You can type different words, phrases or numbers that you want to include or exclude into the various boxes.

When you run the search, it converts your input into a single string using search shortcuts such as quotation marks (to find an exact word or phrase) and minus signs (to exclude words).You can also use the form to narrow your search to a particular language, region, website or domain, or to a type of file, how recently it was published and so on. Of course, nobody wants to fill in forms. However, using the forms will teach you most of the commands mentioned below, and it’s a fallback if you forget any.Happily, many commands work on other search engines too, so skills are transferable.Use quotation marksFacebookTwitterPinterestQuotation marks can be a powerful tool to specify exact search terms. Photograph: IKEAIf you are looking for something specific, quotation marks are invaluable. Putting quotation marks around single words tells the search engine that you definitely want them to appear on every page it finds, rather than using close matches or synonyms.

Google will, of course, ignore this, but at least the results page will tell you which word it has ignored. You can click on that word to insist, but you will get fewer or perhaps no results.Putting a whole phrase in inverted commas has the same effect, and is useful for finding quotations, people’s names, book and film titles, or particular phrases.You can also use an asterisk as a wildcard to find matching phrases. For example, The Simpsons episode, Deep Space Homer, popularised the phrase: “I for one welcome our new insect overlords”. Searching for “I for one welcome our new. overlords” finds other overlords such as aliens, cephalopods, computers, robots and squirrels.Nowadays, Google’s RankBrain is pretty good at recognising titles and common phrases without quote marks, even if they include “stop words” such as a, at, that, the and this. You don’t need quotation marks to search for the Force, The Who or The Smiths.However, it also uses synonyms rather than strictly following your keywords.

It can be quicker to use minus signs to exclude words you don’t want than add terms that are already implied. One example is jaguar -car.Use site commandsFacebookTwitterPinterestUsing the ‘site:’ command can be a powerful tool for quickly searching a particular website. Photograph: Samuel Gibbs/The GuardianGoogle also has a site: command that lets you limit your search to a particular website or, with a minus sign (-site:), exclude it. This command uses the site’s uniform resource locator or URL.For example, if you wanted to find something on the Guardian’s website, you would type site:theguardian.com (no space after the colon) alongside your search words.You may not need to search the whole site. For example, site:theguardian.com/technology/askjack will search the Ask Jack posts that are online, though it doesn’t search all the ancient texts (continued on p94).There are several similar commands. For example, inurl: will search for or exclude words that appear in URLs. This is handy because many sites now pack their URLs with keywords as part of their SEO (search-engine optimisation).

You can also search for intitle: to find words in titles.Web pages can include incidental references to all sorts of things, including plugs for unrelated stories. All of these will duly turn up in text searches. But if your search word is part of the URL or the title, it should be one of the page’s main topics.You can also use site: and inurl: commands to limit searches to include, or exclude, whole groups of websites. For example, either site:co.uk or inurl:co.uk will search matching UK websites, though many UK sites now have.com addresses.

Similarly, site:ac.uk and inurl:ac.uk will find pages from British educational institutions, while inurl:edu and site:edu will find American ones. Using inurl:ac.uk OR inurl:edu (the Boolean command must be in caps) will find pages from both. Using site:gov.uk will find British government websites, and inurl:https will search secure websites.

There are lots of options for inventive searchers.Google Search can also find different types of file, using either filetype: or ext: (for file extension). These include office documents (docx, pptx, xlxs, rtf, odt, odp, odx etc) and pdf files. Results depend heavily on the topic.

For example, a search for picasso filetype:pdf is more productive than one for stormzy.Narrowing your search by date can find older pieces. Photograph: Samuel Gibbs/The GuardianWe often want up-to-date results, particularly in technology where things that used to be true are not true any more. After you have run a search, you can use Google’s time settings to filter the results, or use new search terms. To do this, click Tools, click the down arrow next to “Any time”, and use the dropdown menu to pick a time period between “Past hour” and “Past year”.Last week, I was complaining that Google’s “freshness algorithm” could serve up lots of blog-spam, burying far more useful hits. Depending on the topic, you can use a custom time range to get less fresh but perhaps more useful results.Custom time settings are even more useful for finding contemporary coverage of events, which might be a company’s public launch, a sporting event, or something else. Human memories are good at rewriting history, but contemporaneous reports can provide a more accurate picture.However, custom date ranges have disappeared from mobile, the daterange: command no longer seems to work in search boxes, and “sort by date” has gone except in news searches.

Instead, this year, Google introduced before: and after: commands to do the same job. For example, you could search for “Apple iPod” before:2002-05-31 after:2001-10-15 for a bit of nostalgia. The date formats are very forgiving, so one day we may all prefer it. Do your nursery and lower school classrooms fully support children’s development potential? By Early ExcellenceCreate inspirational learning with Early ExcellenceFriday 20th December 2019In the early years, there is wide recognition that children’s learning behaviours and language development are paramount. Therefore, making a careful review of how your environments provide rich opportunities for children to express their ideas, develop creative thinking and extend their vocabulary across the whole curriculum, is essential to ensure success for all.We know that well-developed self-regulation and language enables us to communicate to those around us, make our needs known, discuss ideas, offer opinions and participate in the social world.

Arabic is the official language of 25 countries in the world and is spoken by more than 300 million people.British Embassy in Morocco Celebrates Arabic Language DaysYahia HatimBy Yahia Hatim -Dec 19, 2019Rabat – December 18 is the UN’s World Arabic Language Day. The British Embassy in Morocco decided to share their celebration of the event in a video on social media.The British Ambassador to Morocco shared the video celebrating the importance of the Arabic language.“Arabic language is very important in the world. It is one of the six official languages of the UN, and it is one of the four primary languages in the British Foreign Office. It is a beautiful, deep, and historic language that has a lot of importance.

I love speaking in Arabic,” said the ambassador in fluent Arabic.The embassy also posted photos and videos of the different employees sharing their favorite word in Arabic.The words included “ihtiram” (respect), “chukran” (thanks), “machi muchkil” (no problem), “al-azima” (determination), “al-ikhlas” (loyalty), and “attabiaa” (nature).The UN designated December 18 as World Arabic Language Day in 2012. The annual event coincides with the day in 1973 that the UN General Assembly adopted Arabic as the sixth official language of the organization.“In the diversity of its forms, classic or dialectal, from oral expression to poetic calligraphy, the Arabic language has given rise to a fascinating aesthetic, in fields as varied as architecture, poetry, philosophy, and song. It gives access to an incredible variety of identities and beliefs and its history reveals the richness of its links with other languages,” says UNESCO’s website about the language.“Arabic has played a catalytic role in knowledge, promoting the dissemination of Greek and Roman sciences and philosophies to Renaissance Europe.

It has enabled a dialogue of cultures along the silk roads, from the coast of India to the Horn of Africa,” adds the website. To approach the question, the team relied on 'colexified' words, which refers to when a word has more than one meaning and the different meanings are seen by speakers of that language as conceptually similar.For example, the English word 'funny' can mean both humorous and odd, and humor is often found in things that are odd.

There are countless examples of African people, throughout the world, creating ideas aimed at the upliftment of African people and when the people catch on to the idea, someone outside our community (European and Asians) tap into the idea for their own commercial benefit.At this moment in history, we find this occurring with the African in America holiday celebration called Kwanzaa. This African in America celebration was initiated by the US Organization and Dr. Maulana Karenga in Los Angeles, California in 1966.In this context, “Kwanzaa was created to introduce and reinforce seven basic values of African culture which contribute to building and reinforcing community among African people in America as well as Africans throughout the world African community.”It is further explained that “The values are called the Nguzo Saba, which in the Pan African language of Swahili means the Seven Principles. These principles stand at the heart of the origin and meaning of Kwanzaa, for it is these values which are not only the building blocks for community but serve also as its social glue.”These Seven Principles, the Nguzo Saba, are Umoja/Unity, Kujichagulia /Self Determination, Ujima/Collective Work and Responsibility, Ujamaa/Cooperative Economics, Nia/ Purpose, Kuumba/Creativity, and Imani/Faith.It was the Pan African/Nationalist Movement in America that embraced the idea of Kwanzaa in the late 1960s and began to organize Kwanzaa activities at the community level throughout the United States. The seven days of Kwanzaa are celebrated from December 26th through January 1st.The Pan African/Nationalist Movement met great opposition from the so-called established leadership and a segment of the African masses who felt that Kwanzaa was an attempt to establish a new religion, that it was opposed to Christianity and Christ, and that its aim was to replace Christmas. All of these were false notions regarding the true meaning of Kwanzaa and the Pan African/Nationalist Movement spent enormous energy and effort, over the years, to explain the true meaning of Kwanzaa. Kwanzaa is not a religion, but it has a spiritual foundation.

African people from all religious persuasions participate in Kwanzaa. Kwanzaa was not created to replace Christmas, and many African people who acknowledge and celebrate Christmas also acknowledge and participate in Kwanzaa.Because of the great educational campaigns of the Pan African/Nationalist Movement, these early misconceptions of Kwanzaa have now been thoroughly dismantled.The concept of Kwanzaa as we have historically understood it, and helped develop it, over the last 53 years, is a cultural project that strikes at the roots of Black Power.

That is the ability of a people to define themselves in the context of their own experiences. Though Kannada literature is abound with different genres of creative reflections of excellence, the same cannot be said about original works in Kannada in the field of academic or scholarly studies. This is unfortunate because many great names in the field are from Karnataka and Kannada background. But this lack is complemented through committed translations.

Some of these translations are rescuing Kannada readers from an intellectual handicap. The book under review is one such translation that enriches the Kannada academic world.“Bharatada Samasattu- Ondu Karyanirata Prajaprabhutva”, the Kannada translation of scholarly work by Prof.

Valerian Rodrigues and Dr. Shankar, first published in 2011 under the title “The Indian Parliament, A Democracy At work”, translated to Kannada by Prof. Sadanand in 2018, provides a comprehensive history and critique of Indian Parliament.

Shankar is also an active politician and Prof. Rodrigues, is a big name in the field of social science. Sadanand, the translator is a well-known academic from the same field.Naturally this rare combination of scholarship and expertise generates lot of expectation about the book. The book itself is a scholarly endeavour to answer the widespread “decline thesis” of Indian parliament and hence Indian democracy over a period of time. Thus, the main focus of the book is to show that the Indian Parliament has been successful as a premier democratic public institution, in spite of its inherent limitations and challenges. The authors contend that Indian democracy has both “deepened and widened” in the last decades and the Indian Parliament is a living testimony.

To prove their point, the authors, analyse the history of Indian Parliament in three different periods namely the formative 50s, the challenging 70s and the expanding 90s. The authors try to prove their point by analysing the data from the 14 Loksabhas that fall in the period of study in terms of representation, nature and issues of the debate etc. They successfully show how growing representation in the parliament in terms of caste, community etc, has broken the monopoly of traditional elites.

The content analysis of the debates in the successive parliaments also shows how plural interests of different interest groups have come to the forefront substituting the so called national interests. The dethroning of English by regional languages in the business of parliament is also offered as another testimony of reflection of deepening democracy. Other chapters in the book dwell into the nature of relationship between Loksabha and Rajyasabha, the unsettled conflict of constitutional primacy between Parliament and the Judiciary and also the constitutional functioning of the Speaker in facilitating the effective performance of parliamentary democracy. The book also provides sufficient data from the original and secondary sources to prove the main argument.

While sound arguments and insights are provided to show how parliamentary form of democracy, rather than presidential form, has been proved the best given the proverbial diversity of Indian society, the book does not offer nothing new or original in a long and a macro view. Moreover, some of the important conclusions of their thesis are very unconvincing today, may be, because of the tectonic negative shift that has taken place after the period of study of the book. For example, the authors claim that the stability of the parliament has been achieved by passing Anti-Defection bill.

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